Important Formulas:
GPM = gallons per minute
GPA = gallons per acre
OPM = ounces per minute
MPH = miles per hour
W = Nozzle spacing (in inches) for broadcast spraying
= Spray width (in inches) for single nozzle
= Band width (in inches) divided by the number of nozzles per band
= Row spacing (in inches) divided by the number of nozzles per row for directed crop foliar spraying
5,940 = a constant used to convert GPM, MPH, and inches to GPA
136 = a constant used to convert GPM, MPH, and inches to gal / 1,000 sq ft.
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Percentage Mixing: To determine the amount of pesticide needed to make a solution (or suspension) containing a certain percentage of the active ingredient (a.i.), use one of the following formulas:
For emulsifiable concentrates and other liquid formulations--
For wettable powder formulations--
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Dairyman's Square: To create a solution of specific concentration from two solutions of different concentrations or strengths--
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Speed |
Time required in seconds to cover course distance |
MPH |
100 ft |
200 ft |
300 ft |
1.0 |
68 |
136 |
205 |
1.5 |
45 |
91 |
136 |
2.0 |
34 |
68 |
102 |
2.5 |
27 |
54 |
81 |
3.0 |
23 |
45 |
68 |
3.5 |
20 |
39 |
58 |
4.0 |
17 |
34 |
51 |
4.5 |
15 |
30 |
45 |
5.0 |
14 |
27 |
41 |
5.5 |
x |
25 |
37 |
6.0 |
x |
23 |
34 |
6.5 |
x |
21 |
31 |
7.0 |
x |
19 |
29 |
7.5 |
x |
18 |
27 |
8.0 |
x |
17 |
26 |
8.5 |
x |
16 |
24 |
9.0 |
x |
15 |
23 |
x = not recommended
Common Conversion Factors
Multiply… |
by… |
to get… |
Acres |
43,560 |
Square feet |
|
4,840 |
Square yards |
|
4,047 |
Square meters |
|
0.4047 |
Hectares |
Centimeters |
0.394 |
Inches |
|
0.0328 |
Feet |
|
0.01 |
Meters |
|
10 |
Millimeters |
Cubic centimeters |
0.06102 |
Cubic inches |
|
1 |
Milliliter |
Cubic inches |
16.39 |
Cubic centimeters |
Cup |
0.5 |
Pints |
|
8 |
Fluid ounces |
|
16 |
Tablespoons |
Feet |
12 |
Inches |
|
304.8 |
Millimeters |
|
30.48 |
Centimeters |
|
0.3048 |
Meters |
Gallons |
4 |
Quarts |
|
8 |
Pints |
|
16 |
Cups |
|
128 |
Fluid ounces |
|
231 |
Cubic inches |
|
3,785 |
Milliliters |
|
3.785 |
Liters |
Gallons of water |
8.3453 |
Pounds of water |
|
3.785 |
Kilograms of water |
Gallons per acre |
2.47 |
Gallons per hectare |
|
9.35 |
Liters per hectare |
Multiply… |
by… |
to get… |
Grams |
0.03527 |
Fluid ounces |
|
1,000 |
Milligrams |
|
0.001 |
Kilograms |
Hectares |
2.47 |
Acres |
|
107,639 |
Square feet |
|
10,000 |
Square meters |
Inches |
25.4 |
Millimeters |
|
2.54 |
Centimeters |
Kilograms |
1,000 |
Grams |
|
35.274 |
Ounces (dry) |
|
2.205 |
Pounds |
Kilograms per hectare |
0.89 |
Pounds per acre |
Kilometers |
3,280.8 |
Feet |
|
1,093.6 |
Yards |
|
0.6214 |
Miles |
|
1,000 |
Meters |
Liters |
1,000 |
Milliliters |
|
33.8 |
Fluid ounces |
|
61.02 |
Cubic inches |
|
2.113 |
Pints |
|
1.057 |
Quarts |
|
0.264 |
Gallons |
Meters |
39.37 |
Inches |
|
3.281 |
Feet |
|
1.094 |
Yards |
|
100 |
Centimeters |
|
0.001 |
Kilometers |
|
1,000 |
Millimeters |
Miles |
1,760 |
Yards |
|
5,280 |
Feet |
|
1,609 |
Meters |
|
1.609 |
Kilometers |
Multiply… |
by… |
to get… |
Miles per hour |
88 |
Feet per minute |
|
1.609 |
Kilometers per hour |
Milliliters |
0.0338 |
Fluid ounces |
|
0.06 |
Cubic inches |
|
1 |
Cubic centimeter |
Millimeters |
0.0394 |
Inches |
|
0.1 |
Centimeters |
Ounces (dry) |
0.0625 |
Pounds |
|
28.35 |
Grams |
Ounces (liquid) |
0.125 |
Cups |
|
2 |
Tablespoons |
|
6 |
Teaspoons |
|
0.0078125 |
Gallons |
|
29.57 |
Milliliters |
|
0.02957 |
Liters |
Parts per million |
0.0001 |
Percent (%) |
|
1 |
Milligram per liter |
|
1 |
Milligram per kilogram |
Percent (%) |
10,000 |
Parts per million |
Pints (liquid) |
2 |
Cups |
|
16 |
Fluid ounces |
|
0.125 |
Gallons |
|
473 |
Milliliters |
|
0.473 |
Liters |
Pounds |
16 |
Ounces |
|
453.6 |
Grams |
|
0.4536 |
Kilograms |
Pounds per acre |
1.12 |
Kilograms per hectare |
Quarts (liquid) |
2 |
Pints |
|
4 |
Cups |
|
32 |
Fluid ounces |
|
946 |
Milliliters |
|
0.946 |
Liters |
Multiply… |
by... |
to get… |
Square centimeters |
0.155 |
Square inches |
Square feet |
144 |
Square inches |
|
929 |
Square centimeters |
|
0.0000229 |
Acres |
|
0.00000929 |
Hectares |
Square inches |
0.007 |
Square feet |
|
6.45 |
Square centimeters |
Square kilometers |
247.1 |
Acres |
|
0.386 |
Square miles |
|
100 |
Hectares |
Square meters |
1,550 |
Square inches |
|
10.76 |
Square feet |
|
1.196 |
Square yards |
Square miles |
640 |
Acres |
|
259 |
Hectares |
Square yards |
1,296 |
Square inches |
|
9 |
Square feet |
|
8,361 |
Square centimeters |
|
0.8361 |
Square meters |
Tablespoons |
0.5 |
Fluid ounces |
|
3 |
Teaspoons |
|
0.0625 |
Cups |
|
14.8 |
Milliliters |
Teaspoons |
0.17 |
Fluid ounces |
|
4.9 |
Milliliters |
Ton (US) |
2,000 |
Pounds |
|
907.2 |
Kilograms |
Ton (metric) |
2,204.6 |
Pounds |
|
1,000 |
Kilograms |
Yards |
3 |
Feet |
|
36 |
Inches |
|
0.914 |
Meters |
Miscellaneous Weights and Measures:
1 acre-inch of water = 27,154.2 gal
1 inch of water per 1,000 sq ft = 623.4 gal
1 milliliter or cubic centimeter of water weighs 1 gram
1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram
1 gallon of water weighs 8.3453 pounds
1 gallon of water weighs 3.785 kilograms
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Aquatic Measures and Formulas:
1 Cubic foot = 62.4 Pounds of water
1 Cubic foot = 7.4805 Gallons
1 Part per million (PPM) = 2.7181 Pounds per acre-foot of water
Acre-feet = Average depth (ft) × Surface area (acres)
Herbicide needed (pounds a.i.) = PPM × Acre-feet × 2.7
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Temperature Conversion:
To convert Celsius (oC) to Fahrenheit (oF): multiply by 1.8 and add 32
To convert Fahrenheit (oF) to Celsius (oC): subtract 32 and multiply by 0.56
Temperature Conversion |
0C |
0F |
100 |
212 |
95 |
203 |
90 |
194 |
80 |
185 |
75 |
176 |
70 |
160 |
65 |
150 |
60 |
140 |
55 |
130 |
50 |
122 |
45 |
113 |
40 |
104 |
35 |
95 |
30 |
86 |
25 |
77 |
20 |
68 |
15 |
60 |
10 |
50 |
5 |
41 |
0 |
32 |
-5 |
29 |
-10 |
14 |
-15 |
5 |
-20 |
-4 |
-25 |
-13 |
-30 |
-22 |
-35 |
-31 |
-40 |
-40 |