Important Formulas:
| GPM | = gallons per minute |
|---|---|
| GPA | = gallons per acre |
| OPM | = ounces per minute |
| MPH | = miles per hour |
| W | = Nozzle spacing (in inches) for broadcast spraying |
| = Spray width (in inches) for single nozzle | |
| = Band width (in inches) divided by the number of nozzles per band | |
| = Row spacing (in inches) divided by the number of nozzles per row for directed crop foliar spraying | |
| 5,940 | = a constant used to convert GPM, MPH, and inches to GPA |
| 136 | = a constant used to convert GPM, MPH, and inches to gal / 1,000 sq ft. |
Percentage Mixing: To determine the amount of pesticide needed to make a solution (or suspension) containing a certain percentage of the active ingredient (a.i.), use one of the following formulas:
For emulsifiable concentrates and other liquid formulations–
For wettable powder formulations–
Dairyman’s Square: To create a solution of specific concentration from two solutions of different concentrations or strengths–
Ground Speed Chart
| Speed | Time required in seconds to cover course distance | ||
| MPH | 100 ft | 200 ft | 300 ft |
| 1.0 | 68 | 136 | 205 |
| 1.5 | 45 | 91 | 136 |
| 2.0 | 34 | 68 | 102 |
| 2.5 | 27 | 54 | 81 |
| 3.0 | 23 | 45 | 68 |
| 3.5 | 20 | 39 | 58 |
| 4.0 | 17 | 34 | 51 |
| 4.5 | 15 | 30 | 45 |
| 5.0 | 14 | 27 | 41 |
| 5.5 | x | 25 | 37 |
| 6.0 | x | 23 | 34 |
| 6.5 | x | 21 | 31 |
| 7.0 | x | 19 | 29 |
| 7.5 | x | 18 | 27 |
| 8.0 | x | 17 | 26 |
| 8.5 | x | 16 | 24 |
| 9.0 | x | 15 | 23 |
x = not recommended
Common Conversion Factors
| Multiply… | by… | to get… |
| Acres | 43,560 | Square feet |
| 4,840 | Square yards | |
| 4,047 | Square meters | |
| 0.4047 | Hectares | |
| Centimeters | 0.394 | Inches |
| 0.0328 | Feet | |
| 0.01 | Meters | |
| 10 | Millimeters | |
| Cubic centimeters | 0.06102 | Cubic inches |
| 1 | Milliliter | |
| Cubic inches | 16.39 | Cubic centimeters |
| Cup | 0.5 | Pints |
| 8 | Fluid ounces | |
| 16 | Tablespoons | |
| Feet | 12 | Inches |
| 304.8 | Millimeters | |
| 30.48 | Centimeters | |
| 0.3048 | Meters | |
| Gallons | 4 | Quarts |
| 8 | Pints | |
| 16 | Cups | |
| 128 | Fluid ounces | |
| 231 | Cubic inches | |
| 3,785 | Milliliters | |
| 3.785 | Liters | |
| Gallons of water | 8.3453 | Pounds of water |
| 3.785 | Kilograms of water | |
| Gallons per acre | 2.47 | Gallons per hectare |
| 9.35 | Liters per hectare | |
| Multiply… | by… | to get… |
| Grams | 0.03527 | Fluid ounces |
| 1,000 | Milligrams | |
| 0.001 | Kilograms | |
| Hectares | 2.47 | Acres |
| 107,639 | Square feet | |
| 10,000 | Square meters | |
| Inches | 25.4 | Millimeters |
| 2.54 | Centimeters | |
| Kilograms | 1,000 | Grams |
| 35.274 | Ounces (dry) | |
| 2.205 | Pounds | |
| Kilograms per hectare | 0.89 | Pounds per acre |
| Kilometers | 3,280.8 | Feet |
| 1,093.6 | Yards | |
| 0.6214 | Miles | |
| 1,000 | Meters | |
| Liters | 1,000 | Milliliters |
| 33.8 | Fluid ounces | |
| 61.02 | Cubic inches | |
| 2.113 | Pints | |
| 1.057 | Quarts | |
| 0.264 | Gallons | |
| Meters | 39.37 | Inches |
| 3.281 | Feet | |
| 1.094 | Yards | |
| 100 | Centimeters | |
| 0.001 | Kilometers | |
| 1,000 | Millimeters | |
| Miles | 1,760 | Yards |
| 5,280 | Feet | |
| 1,609 | Meters | |
| 1.609 | Kilometers | |
| Multiply… | by… | to get… |
| Miles per hour | 88 | Feet per minute |
| 1.609 | Kilometers per hour | |
| Milliliters | 0.0338 | Fluid ounces |
| 0.06 | Cubic inches | |
| 1 | Cubic centimeter | |
| Millimeters | 0.0394 | Inches |
| 0.1 | Centimeters | |
| Ounces (dry) | 0.0625 | Pounds |
| 28.35 | Grams | |
| Ounces (liquid) | 0.125 | Cups |
| 2 | Tablespoons | |
| 6 | Teaspoons | |
| 0.0078125 | Gallons | |
| 29.57 | Milliliters | |
| 0.02957 | Liters | |
| Parts per million | 0.0001 | Percent (%) |
| 1 | Milligram per liter | |
| 1 | Milligram per kilogram | |
| Percent (%) | 10,000 | Parts per million |
| Pints (liquid) | 2 | Cups |
| 16 | Fluid ounces | |
| 0.125 | Gallons | |
| 473 | Milliliters | |
| 0.473 | Liters | |
| Pounds | 16 | Ounces |
| 453.6 | Grams | |
| 0.4536 | Kilograms | |
| Pounds per acre | 1.12 | Kilograms per hectare |
| Quarts (liquid) | 2 | Pints |
| 4 | Cups | |
| 32 | Fluid ounces | |
| 946 | Milliliters | |
| 0.946 | Liters | |
| Multiply… | by… | to get… |
| Square centimeters | 0.155 | Square inches |
| Square feet | 144 | Square inches |
| 929 | Square centimeters | |
| 0.0000229 | Acres | |
| 0.00000929 | Hectares | |
| Square inches | 0.007 | Square feet |
| 6.45 | Square centimeters | |
| Square kilometers | 247.1 | Acres |
| 0.386 | Square miles | |
| 100 | Hectares | |
| Square meters | 1,550 | Square inches |
| 10.76 | Square feet | |
| 1.196 | Square yards | |
| Square miles | 640 | Acres |
| 259 | Hectares | |
| Square yards | 1,296 | Square inches |
| 9 | Square feet | |
| 8,361 | Square centimeters | |
| 0.8361 | Square meters | |
| Tablespoons | 0.5 | Fluid ounces |
| 3 | Teaspoons | |
| 0.0625 | Cups | |
| 14.8 | Milliliters | |
| Teaspoons | 0.17 | Fluid ounces |
| 4.9 | Milliliters | |
| Ton (US) | 2,000 | Pounds |
| 907.2 | Kilograms | |
| Ton (metric) | 2,204.6 | Pounds |
| 1,000 | Kilograms | |
| Yards | 3 | Feet |
| 36 | Inches | |
| 0.914 | Meters |
Miscellaneous Weights and Measures:
1 acre-inch of water = 27,154.2 gal
1 inch of water per 1,000 sq ft = 623.4 gal
1 milliliter or cubic centimeter of water weighs 1 gram
1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram
1 gallon of water weighs 8.3453 pounds
1 gallon of water weighs 3.785 kilograms
Row Crop Calculations:
Aquatic Measures and Formulas:
1 Cubic foot = 62.4 Pounds of water
1 Cubic foot = 7.4805 Gallons
1 Part per million (PPM) = 2.7181 Pounds per acre-foot of water
Acre-feet = Average depth (ft) × Surface area (acres)
Herbicide needed (pounds a.i.) = PPM × Acre-feet × 2.7
Temperature Conversion:
To convert Celsius (oC) to Fahrenheit (oF): multiply by 1.8 and add 32
To convert Fahrenheit (oF) to Celsius (oC): subtract 32 and multiply by 0.56
| Temperature Conversion | |
| ºC | ºF |
| 100 | 212 |
| 95 | 203 |
| 90 | 194 |
| 80 | 185 |
| 75 | 176 |
| 70 | 160 |
| 65 | 150 |
| 60 | 140 |
| 55 | 130 |
| 50 | 122 |
| 45 | 113 |
| 40 | 104 |
| 35 | 95 |
| 30 | 86 |
| 25 | 77 |
| 20 | 68 |
| 15 | 60 |
| 10 | 50 |
| 5 | 41 |
| 0 | 32 |
| -5 | 29 |
| -10 | 14 |
| -15 | 5 |
| -20 | -4 |
| -25 | -13 |
| -30 | -22 |
| -35 | -31 |
| -40 | -40 |